European Roulette at UK Online Casinos: Rules & Odds
Available in GBA guide to the single-zero wheel, bet types, live tables and how roulette terms affect play and bonus calculations.
Table of Contents
- European Roulette: 37 Pockets and a 2.70% House Edge
- Reading the Single-Zero Wheel and Table
- Inside Bets, Outside Bets and What They Pay
- How to Play: Spins, Payouts and the Limits of Systems
- European Roulette for Free or Real Money
- Live Dealer Roulette: Physical Wheels and Table Pace
- Roulette-Themed Slots Are Not Roulette Tables
- European, American and French Roulette Compared
- Assessing a UK European Roulette Casino
- Bonus Wagering: Roulette Contribution Changes the Calculation
European Roulette: 37 Pockets and a 2.70% House Edge
European roulette is defined by a single-zero wheel. Its pockets are numbered from 1 to 36, with one additional pocket marked zero, making 37 possible stopping places for the ball. That layout is the basis for the game’s stated house edge of 2.70%.
The zero is not a decorative feature or a number that sits outside the game’s mathematics. It is one of the wheel’s outcomes. Its presence affects the probability of a wager winning and therefore the relationship between the amount staked and the amount returned over time. The house edge expresses that relationship in the casino’s favour; it is not a prediction of what will happen on a particular spin.
A European roulette casino can present the same basic mathematics through different digital formats, but changing the screen or presentation does not change the single-zero specification. When the game is European roulette, the relevant starting point remains a wheel with 37 pockets: the numbered outcomes and the single zero. The label matters because the number of pockets is part of the calculation, not just a name used in a lobby.
When choosing a UK online casino for European roulette, payout timing is one practical detail to consider. This list gives a brief reference point for each operator based on the information available.
Payout speed: 1-3 business days Dieselwin lists a payout speed of 1–3 business days, a useful detail to consider when reviewing its European roulette offering.
Payout speed: 1-3 business days NightWin lists a payout speed of 1–3 business days for players considering its European roulette offering.
Payout speed: 1-3 business days SpinFormula lists a payout speed of 1–3 business days, giving readers a clear point of reference for withdrawals.
Payout speed: 1-3 business days Revery Play lists a payout speed of 1–3 business days for its offering.
Payout speed: 1-3 business days NightLuck lists a payout speed of 1–3 business days, which is worth noting when assessing its European roulette offering.
Payout speed: 1-3 business days Amunbet lists a payout speed of 1–3 business days.
Payout speed: 1-3 business days Zombillion lists a payout speed of 1–3 business days, providing a practical detail for players to consider.
Payout speed: 1-3 business days BeOnBet lists a payout speed of 1–3 business days for its offering.
Payout speed: 1-3 business days EvoSpin lists a payout speed of 1–3 business days, a useful withdrawal detail to keep in mind.
Payout speed: 1-3 business days Jetsetspins lists a payout speed of 1–3 business days.
What the house edge describes
The 2.70% house edge is a theoretical measure of the game’s expected return to the operator across a large volume of play. It describes an average built from the rules and possible outcomes, rather than a fee deducted visibly from each stake. A player may receive a return on a spin, or lose the stake, but the edge is not settled as a separate charge at the end of every round.
That distinction is important when reading casino descriptions. The figure does not say that each individual wager loses 2.70%, nor does it set a guaranteed result for a session. Short sequences can differ sharply from the long-run expectation. The edge describes the underlying terms; it does not put a ceiling on a player’s losses, establish a minimum return, or indicate when a particular result will occur.
In practical terms, the house edge makes the game’s expected cost visible in a way that a promotional label cannot. A European roulette casino may use a polished interface, a themed presentation or a live stream, but none of those features alters the underlying edge unless the rules of the game themselves differ. The relevant comparison begins with the rules, not the design around them.
Why the zero matters
The numbered pockets alone do not describe the complete set of outcomes. The zero is included in the wheel’s possible results, so a calculation based only on the numbered pockets would omit part of the game. That is why the single-zero detail belongs beside the pocket count whenever the house edge is discussed.
The zero also explains why the edge cannot be understood simply by looking at how many numbered outcomes appear to support a wager. The game’s settlement rules operate against the full set of possible results. The number of pockets and the payouts together determine the mathematical balance. The 2.70% figure condenses that balance into one measure for European roulette.
This is a property of the game format rather than a forecast about a particular casino or a particular player. A change of operator does not, by itself, make a single-zero game more favourable. What matters is whether the game follows the European rules and whether any stated variation changes how outcomes are settled. The game name should therefore be read alongside the rules displayed for that table or digital version.
Reading the figure without mistaking it for a promise
For anyone comparing European roulette online, the house edge is useful as a baseline: it summarises the expected mathematical advantage built into the game. It is not a measure of entertainment value, a guarantee of a specific return, or evidence that a result is overdue. A sequence of outcomes does not acquire a memory because previous spins went one way.
A sequence of outcomes does not acquire a memory because previous spins went one way; the house edge is not a guarantee of a specific return.
The same distinction applies to the phrase “return” in discussions of roulette. A theoretical expectation concerns repeated play under the stated rules. It cannot be used to calculate the result of an individual spin, and it does not ensure that an individual player’s experience will converge neatly on the stated percentage. Outcomes remain uncertain, while the rules remain fixed.
The defining facts are therefore compact: European roulette has a single zero among 37 pockets, and its house edge is 2.70%. Those figures establish the game’s basic mathematical framework. They do not describe every feature of an online casino, and they do not remove the uncertainty inherent in a spin. They do make the central terms clear before presentation, pace or other casino conditions enter the picture.
Reading the Single-Zero Wheel and Table
A European roulette wheel and its betting table are two views of the same set of outcomes. The wheel is the physical or simulated mechanism that determines where the ball stops. The table is the marked surface where bets are placed. On the European version, the wheel has 37 pockets: one pocket marked zero and 36 numbered from 1 to 36. The green zero is the feature that distinguishes the single-zero layout; it is not another numbered space.
That distinction matters when comparing a wheel with a table image in an online casino with European roulette. The wheel presents the pockets around a circular track, while the table organises the numbered results in a flat grid. The arrangement is different, but the set of possible results is the same. A number shown on the table corresponds to a pocket bearing that number on the wheel. The zero also has a place on the table, even though it sits apart from the numbered grid.
The wheel: circular, but not a sequence to read
On a European roulette wheel, the numbers occupy individual pockets around the rim. The ball is released into the spinning wheel and eventually settles in one pocket. A still image can show the pocket labels clearly, but it cannot show the motion or establish which pocket will receive the ball on a future spin.
The wheel’s circular form can make the result appear to have a predictable neighbour: a pocket sits beside other pockets, and the ball passes over a visible run of them. That physical proximity does not give the neighbouring numbers a special connection for the next result. The wheel is the outcome mechanism, not a map for forecasting it. A European roulette strategy based on reading nearby pockets therefore confuses where numbers sit with what a later spin will produce.
For a casino wheel image, the useful check is straightforward: the green pocket should be marked zero, and the remaining pockets should carry the numbers from 1 to 36. A European roulette wheel with a green zero is not a different game merely because the zero is visually distinct. The colour makes the single zero easy to identify; the number of pockets defines the wheel.
Digital versions may present a rendered wheel rather than a physical object. Its appearance can vary by game, but the relevant question remains whether the displayed game uses the European set of outcomes. A decorative rim, camera angle or interface animation does not change the table’s numbered results. The game information and betting surface are more useful references than visual styling alone.
A decorative rim, camera angle or interface animation does not change the table’s numbered results.
The table: a grid with a separate zero
A European roulette table layout places the numbered results in a rectangular grid, with the zero set apart from the main numbered area. The grid makes it possible to select a number or a group of numbers without searching around a wheel’s circumference. In other words, the table is designed for placing selections; it is not a diagram of the pocket order.
The single zero is typically shown in a green area adjacent to the numbered grid. Its separate position helps distinguish it from the numbered spaces, but it remains part of the same outcome set. A European roulette table with a green zero should therefore be read as one layout containing the zero and all 36 numbered outcomes, not as a numbered grid plus an unrelated decoration.
Online tables can differ in proportions, colour and screen arrangement. On a phone, the grid may be scaled down or repositioned, while on a larger display more of the wheel and table may be visible at once. Those interface choices affect how the layout is viewed, not which outcomes the European game contains. The number labels and the zero are the substantive parts to identify.
Some interfaces show a wheel beside the table; others give the table most of the screen and show the wheel only during the spin. Either arrangement can represent the same European game. The table records the available selections, and the wheel determines the result. If the labels are difficult to read, the compact interface is a poor substitute for checking the game’s displayed rules.
Matching the two surfaces
The practical way to read the pair is to treat each table number as a label for a corresponding wheel pocket. The table’s green zero corresponds to the wheel’s green zero. The grid’s numbered spaces correspond to the numbered pockets. Nothing in the grid changes the wheel’s outcome, and the wheel’s circular arrangement does not alter the table’s available numbers.
This is also why the wheel and table should not be mistaken for separate versions of the game. One is circular and animated; the other is flat and selectable. In an online casino with European roulette, the interface may emphasise either one, but both refer to the same single-zero set. If the game is presented as European roulette yet the visible layout does not make the zero and numbered spaces clear, its rules panel is the place to confirm the format before play.
The layout offers orientation, not an advantage. Seeing where a number sits on the table can make a selection easier to locate, while seeing a pocket on the wheel can make the result easier to follow. Neither display changes the available outcomes. The zero’s isolated position may make it look like an exception to the grid; mechanically, it is one of the wheel’s pockets and one of the table’s listed results. A clear european roulette casino table layout makes that relationship visible without turning the wheel into a prediction tool.
- Treat each table number as a label for a wheel pocket
- Confirm the format via the rules panel if layout is unclear
- Use the wheel’s circular form to forecast the next result
- Mistake the table’s grid for a map of the pocket order
Inside Bets, Outside Bets and What They Pay
A European roulette table offers two broad kinds of wager. Inside bets use the numbered positions in the central grid; outside bets sit in the marked areas around it and cover groups of outcomes. The distinction is practical: an inside bet targets a narrower result, while an outside bet covers a wider category. The payout reflects the terms attached to the selected wager, not a prediction about where the ball will land.
Inside bets
A straight-up bet places a chip on one number. If that number wins, the payout is 35:1. The same stated payout applies to a single-number bet on European and American roulette. On a single-zero table, the available numbered outcomes include the single zero as well as the numbered pockets; the chip position determines which result is covered.
A split bet covers two adjacent numbers. It pays 17:1 if either selected number wins. The chip is placed across the dividing line between those numbers, so the wager covers both rather than one. This increases the number of covered outcomes compared with a straight-up bet, while the payout per winning wager is lower.
A street bet covers a horizontal row of three numbers and pays 11:1. The chip goes at the edge of the row, rather than on an individual number or across the line between a pair. These positions make the coverage visible on the table: a chip on a number is a straight-up bet, one across a shared boundary is a split, and one at the row edge is a street.
Outside bets
Outside bets cover broader categories shown around the numbered grid. Red or black selects a colour; even or odd selects the number’s parity; high or low selects one of the table’s broad number ranges. Each of these wagers pays 1:1 when it wins.
The payout ratio describes the return relative to the stake, not the probability of a result. It is therefore not a direct measure of value by itself. A higher stated payout accompanies a more narrowly targeted outcome; a lower payout accompanies a broader category. The relevant comparison is between the coverage of the bet and the terms paid when it wins.
Zero matters when a bet covers a category that does not include it. A red/black, even/odd or high/low wager does not become a winning bet if the ball lands on zero. That exposure is part of the table’s rules, rather than an adjustment to the displayed 1:1 payout. The exact treatment of a zero should be read from the table rules where a variant applies.
These categories allow the same single-zero table to support different payout profiles without changing the wheel. A straight-up wager concentrates on one result; split and street bets widen coverage in defined steps; outside bets apply to broad classifications. The payout is fixed by the bet type, while the winning result remains determined by the spin.
Places a chip on one number with a payout of 35:1.
Covers two adjacent numbers with a payout of 17:1.
Covers a horizontal row of three numbers with a payout of 11:1.
Covers broad categories like colour or parity with a payout of 1:1.
How to Play: Spins, Payouts and the Limits of Systems
A European roulette round has a simple sequence: a stake is placed on the table, betting closes, the wheel spins, and the winning number determines which bets are paid. To play European roulette online, the same sequence appears on screen. The interface may differ, but it does not change what decides the result: where the ball lands.
Before betting closes, the player selects a chip value and places chips on the chosen position or positions. A bet must be on the table when the game moves to the spin; after that, the outcome is settled against the displayed layout. Once the ball comes to rest, winning bets receive their stated payout and losing bets are removed. The next round begins with a new opportunity to place a stake.
Payouts express the amount paid in relation to the stake. A street bet covers a horizontal row of three numbers and pays 11:1 if one of those numbers wins. In practical terms, the ratio describes the winnings relative to the stake; the original stake is also returned on a winning bet. A losing street bet does not receive that payout. This distinction matters when comparing a quoted return with the total amount credited after a win.
The table’s displayed rules are the relevant terms for settlement. Bet placement, the spin and the payout are separate stages: a chip on a position is not a prediction with influence over the wheel, and a payout ratio does not alter the chance of a number appearing. A larger potential return is paired with a bet covering fewer outcomes; the ratio is a payment rule, not evidence that the result is more likely.
Betting systems change stake size, not roulette’s underlying odds. The Martingale, for instance, calls for doubling a bet after each loss, on the assumption that a later win can recover earlier losses. That arithmetic has a cost: each consecutive loss requires a larger stake, so a losing streak can put increasing pressure on a bankroll. A progression may specify what to stake next, but it cannot ensure recovery.
The same limit applies to other staking plans. Previous results do not make a particular number or bet due, and a sequence of losses does not provide information about the next spin. Roulette outcomes are determined by chance; no strategy can predict the final result. A system can organise decisions about stake size, but it cannot turn those decisions into an advantage over the wheel.
For anyone learning how to play European roulette, the useful distinction is between the game’s fixed settlement rules and a personal staking method. The first determines what a winning bet pays. The second determines how much is exposed from round to round. Keeping those calculations separate makes the financial risk clearer: a payout can be stated precisely, while a progression cannot promise that a win will arrive before the bankroll is depleted.
Betting Systems
Staking plans like the Martingale cannot ensure recovery or predict results, as each consecutive loss requires a larger stake that can pressure a bankroll.
European Roulette for Free or Real Money
A free European roulette game and a real-money table may display the same wheel and layout, but the stake changes what each result means. In a demo, chips are for practice and do not represent a cash balance. A spin can show how the game operates without putting funds at risk; it cannot produce a withdrawable win.
Demo availability and presentation depend on the game and platform. A free online European roulette option may run in a browser or within a casino’s games lobby. The word “demo” describes the play mode, not a guarantee that every feature, speed or screen matches the real-money version. A product described as a European roulette slot demo is a different category: a roulette theme does not make a slot a roulette table.
Real-money European roulette involves a stake funded from a gambling account, so losses reduce the available balance and any return is monetary. In Great Britain, online gambling is legal only through an operator holding the relevant UK Gambling Commission licence. Operators must verify a customer’s age before allowing a deposit; online gambling is for people aged 18 and over. The distinction between practice and paid play is therefore more than a change of display: real-money play carries financial exposure and falls within the regulated gambling service.
The spin itself can be generated by software or come from a physical wheel. RNG roulette uses a random number generator to simulate results. This format tends to move faster and can have lower minimum stakes; some games start at 10p. That lower entry point reduces the amount needed to place a small stake, but it does not change the financial risk of repeated wagers. Faster play can also mean that money is exposed to more decisions in less time.
A live online table instead broadcasts a real wheel and ball drop from a studio. It therefore shows a physical event rather than an RNG-generated animation. The screen may look similar, but the source of the result and the pace of play differ. The distinction matters when comparing formats, while the stake remains the relevant measure of exposure.
A demo is useful for learning where controls sit and how a game presents a spin. It is not evidence that real-money play will be profitable, nor does simulated play establish a likely cash outcome. For a cost comparison, the practical questions are whether a real stake is involved, what minimum the selected format accepts, and how quickly the balance can be put at risk. In free play, the cash stake is absent; in paid play, each wager has a direct monetary consequence.
Live Dealer Roulette: Physical Wheels and Table Pace
A live European roulette table uses a physical wheel in a studio, filmed and streamed to the game interface. A human dealer releases the ball, manages the table and records the result. The sequence is visible rather than generated as an instant animation, so the format gives each spin a more deliberate rhythm than automated roulette.
Live European roulette uses a physical wheel and human dealer, providing a more deliberate rhythm than the instant animations of RNG roulette.
The stream does not change the basic distinction between a live table and an RNG game: one shows a physical ball drop, while the other simulates a spin using a random number generator. Live play also depends on the table’s operating pace. Betting windows open and close around the dealer’s sequence, so the number of rounds completed is shaped by the presentation as well as the game itself.
Speed roulette is designed to shorten that interval. A specialist review reports that this format can exceed 150 spins per hour, compared with 80–100 at a standard table. Those are format-specific figures, not a fixed promise for every stream. A quicker round cycle means more decisions and stake exposure within the same playing period; it does not improve the odds of a particular result.
Minimum stakes depend on the table. A specialist review reports UK live roulette minimums starting at 10p, while auto-roulette and speed formats can start at 5p. These are reported entry points, not universal limits: the amount shown on a particular table determines the cost of joining that session.
Live presentation should not be confused with a guarantee of fairness or a different set of outcomes. The wheel remains a chance-based game, and the stream supplies visibility into the physical process rather than a prediction. A faster format changes the pace of exposure, not the underlying uncertainty.
For British players, a live stream is also a regulated service, not merely video content. A platform without a valid UK Gambling Commission licence cannot legally offer real-money live roulette to British residents. UKGC-licensed live casino operators must provide deposit and loss limits, session reminders and reality checks, alongside cool-off options and GamStop self-exclusion. Those controls sit outside the dealer’s presentation, but they affect the conditions under which the game is offered.
Roulette-Themed Slots Are Not Roulette Tables
A roulette-themed slot borrows the look or language of roulette, but it is a different game. The distinction matters because the theme does not transfer a roulette wheel’s rules, probabilities or payouts to the slot. A graphic showing a ball, numbered spaces or a roulette layout is presentation; the game’s own rules determine how its rounds work.
Searches for a 3D European roulette slot, or titles described as European Roulette Gold or Platinum, may lead to products using familiar roulette imagery. Those labels do not establish that the game is a European roulette table. The same applies to a roulette-themed title such as XXXtreme Lightning Roulette: its name alone does not make it a table game or tell a player how its outcomes are calculated.
European roulette odds refer to a particular table game and its wheel. A slot’s results instead follow that product’s own design. Its screen may animate a wheel or display numbers, but appearance is not evidence that the product uses a physical wheel or the same outcome structure as a roulette table. The game information should identify whether the product is a slot or a table game and set out its own rules.
Roulette-themed slots are not table games; their rules, probabilities, and payouts are determined by the slot’s design, not by European roulette odds.
That difference also affects what can be inferred from a title. “Gold”, “Platinum” and “3D” are descriptive labels, not proof of a particular return, volatility or advantage. None establishes that a product has better odds than another, or that its results can be assessed using European roulette’s house edge. A roulette-style animation is not a substitute for reading the game’s stated terms.
In Britain, online slot rules apply to slots even when their presentation resembles roulette. Autoplay is prohibited, and each slot spin must take at least 2.5 seconds. The maximum stake per game cycle is £5 for customers aged 25 and over, and £2 for those aged 18 to 24. These restrictions concern the slot product; they do not turn it into a roulette table.
The practical classification is straightforward: a table game uses roulette rules, while a roulette-themed slot uses the rules of its own slot product. The artwork may make the two look related, but it does not make their mechanics interchangeable. When the distinction is unclear, the product’s game information—not its title or graphics—sets the terms.
European, American and French Roulette Compared
The main difference between European and American roulette is the number of pockets, which changes the house edge. European roulette has 37 pockets: numbers 1 to 36 and one zero. Its house edge is 2.70%. American roulette adds a double zero, bringing the total to 38 pockets and the house edge to 5.26%.
That makes the American version less favourable on the standard rules. The extra pocket does not improve a bet’s payout, but it increases the chance that the wheel lands on a result that does not win. The comparison is a property of the game, not of whether the table is online or in a casino.
French roulette uses a single-zero wheel, like European roulette, but may apply La Partage and En Prison to even-money bets. Under La Partage, if the ball lands on zero, half of an even-money stake is returned. The house edge on those bets falls to 1.35%. That reduced figure applies to the affected even-money bets, not to every bet on the table.
En Prison is the other French rule named in this comparison. French roulette has the lowest house edge among standard variants because of these rules. The practical advantage depends on the bet: La Partage changes the settlement of an even-money wager when zero appears, rather than changing the wheel or its pocket count.
| Variant | Pockets | House edge |
|---|---|---|
| European | 37 | 2.70% |
| American | 38 | 5.26% |
| French | Single-zero wheel; La Partage can reduce the edge on even-money bets | 1.35% on those bets |
A specialist review also reports American tables with a third green pocket marked 000, producing 7.69% house edge. That is a reported table variation, not the standard American layout. The standard comparison remains 37 pockets for European roulette against 38 for American roulette; French rules alter the treatment of certain bets rather than adding a pocket.
Assessing a UK European Roulette Casino
A European roulette table is only one part of the offer. The terms around access, account controls, game information and dispute handling determine whether the offer can be assessed on a like-for-like basis. A ranked list can identify operators, but it cannot replace checks of the conditions attached to each account and game.
Licence and legal access
The UK Gambling Commission (UKGC) is the sole regulator of online casino activity in Great Britain. Remote operators offering gambling to customers there must hold the relevant UKGC licence, wherever the business is based. A platform without a valid UKGC licence cannot legally offer real-money live roulette to British residents. Offshore availability does not change that status.
The licence should be checked against the UKGC public register before depositing. The register allows the operator’s legal identity and licence status to be checked rather than inferred from a logo, a game catalogue or a claim on the site. A licence is a threshold condition, not a guarantee that every game or account term suits every player.
Age controls are part of that threshold. Operators must verify a customer’s age before allowing funds to be deposited into a gambling account. Online gambling is legal in Great Britain for people aged 18 and over when the operator holds the required UKGC licence.
Game information and account terms
RTP information should be accessible for roulette games offered by UKGC-licensed operators. The figure is a theoretical return measure, not a forecast of an individual session’s result. It should be available in the game information or associated rules, so the table can be assessed before play rather than after a stake has been placed. Where several roulette titles are listed, the information needs to relate to the specific game selected; a general casino statement is not a substitute.
The table rules and the account terms are separate checks. Game information explains the applicable rules and return data. Account terms govern matters such as deposit methods, limits, withdrawals and any bonus funds. A bonus can change the effective value of an offer if roulette wagers receive restricted game weighting, so that calculation belongs in the offer terms, not in assumptions about the table. The relevant weighting can differ between roulette formats and operators.
UKGC-licensed operators must prompt new customers to set a financial limit before their first deposit and provide accessible account-level limit controls. The available tools must include deposit limits, loss limits, session time reminders, reality checks, cool-off periods and GamStop self-exclusion. These are account safeguards, not features that alter roulette’s outcome.
Payments, complaints and safeguards
UKGC-licensed casinos cannot accept credit cards for gambling. The restriction also covers credit-card funding routed through a money service business and wallet payments where credit-card funds can be used for gambling. A payment method’s presence at checkout does not establish that every funding route is permitted; the applicable restriction concerns the source of funds and how the wallet can be used.
A licensed operator must provide an internal complaints process and access to an approved Alternative Dispute Resolution service. The operator’s complaint procedure should explain how a complaint is submitted and what happens if it remains unresolved. This gives a defined route for disputes over account handling or game administration; it does not make an unfavourable gambling result a complaint in itself.
Operators are also required to contribute to the Research, Education and Treatment levy. That obligation sits with the operator and is not a customer charge to add to a roulette stake.
Taken together, these checks make “best” a question of verifiable terms rather than a universal label. The usable comparison is between a valid licence, game-specific RTP information, accessible account controls and clear procedures for payment and complaints. If any of those details cannot be found, the offer cannot be assessed on the same basis as one that states them clearly.
Bonus Wagering: Roulette Contribution Changes the Calculation
What is the house edge on European roulette compared to American roulette?
European roulette has a 2.70% house edge, compared with 5.26% on American roulette. The American basket bet has a higher edge of 7.89%.
Should I play American or European roulette if I’m in the UK?
European roulette has the lower house edge: 2.70% versus 5.26% on standard American roulette. Some American tables include a third green pocket marked 000, so check the table rules before playing.
How does the 10x wagering cap affect roulette bonuses?
Since January 2026, licensed UK operators cannot set bonus wagering requirements above 10 times the bonus. Roulette wagers may count only partially toward that requirement: live roulette often contributes 10–20%, while RNG roulette may count at 100%.
Written by the editors at Muasamthongthai.com.
